Contents for all chapters
1. Developmental Biology: The Anatomical Tradition
2. Life Cycles and the Evolution of Developmental Patterns
3. Principles of Experimental Embryology
4. The Genetic Core of Development
5. The Paradigm of Differential Gene Expression
6. Cell-Cell Communication in Development
7. Fertilization: Beginning a New Organism
8. Early Development in Selected Invertebrates
9. The Genetics of Axis Specification in Drosophila
10. Early Development and Axis Formation in Amphibians
11. The Early Development of Vertebrates: Fish, Birds and Mammals
12. The Emergence of the Ectoderm: Central Nervous System and Epidermis
13. Neural Crest Cells and Axonal Specificity
14. Paraxial and Intermediate Mesoderm
15. Lateral Plate Mesoderm and Endoderm
16. Development of the Tetrapod Limb
17. Sex Determination
18. Postembryonic Development: Metamorphosis, Regeneration, and Aging
19. The Saga of the Germ Line
20. An Overview of Plant Development
21. Medical Implications of Developmental Biology
22. Environmental Regulation of Animal Development
23. Developmental Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
Cheating Death
Do Humans Undergo Metamorphosis?
The Dangers of Environmental Sex Determinations
- J. E. Lovich
C. elegans movies
Hox Genes and Nematode Development
A Selective History of Induction III
Alternative Sources Of Angioblasts
Angiogenesis Factors in Cancer, AIDS, and Diabetes
Childhood as a New Portion of the Human Life Cycle
Decondensation of Sperm Chromatin
Demonstrating Tissue Affinities
Did Birds Evolve from the Dinosaurs?
Establishment of Original Polarity: Oocyte Organelles
Ethical and Public Policy Issues Concerning Stem Cell Research
- Written by Becky Davis, Paul Riccio, and Meika Hashimoto, and edited by Scott Gilbert
Evidence for Restricted Potency Among Neural Crest Cells
Formation of the Neural Floor Plate
GBP (GSK-3 Binding Protein)
Gene Expression and Macroevolutionary Debates
Holoprosencephaly
Hormonal Control of Yolk Production
Hox Genes and the Evolution of the Tetrapod Limb
Implantation
Knowledge of Alcohol as a Teratogen
MPF and Its Regulators
Morphogenetic Processes
Multiple Regulatory Modes for Homeodomain Proteins
Nutritional Polyphenism in Dung Beetles
Osteoclast Commitment, Differentiation, and Function
- Based on a contribution by Dr. Marla Steinbeck, Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Thomas Jefferson Medical School, Philadelphia, PA.
Paracrine Factors in the Construction and Maintenance of the Blood Vessels
Parkinson's Disease and Development
Patterning of the Mesoderm by Activin
RNA Interference
RNAi
Regulating Blastomere Identity
Regulation of Transcription From Immunoglobin Light Chains
Roles of the Mesencephalon in Chick Embryos
Seasonal Polyphenism in Butterfly Wings
Sex And The Central Nervous System: It's not merely gonadal steroids
Teaching Evolution Through Development
- Scott Gilbert
The 5’ and 3’ Ends
The par Genes and Anterior-posterior Patterning in the Nematode
The Ecogenetics of Neural Tube Closure
The Eye-forming Cascade in Insects and Vertebrates
The Fetal Origins of Adult Disease: The effects of malnutrition on diseases later in life
The Generation of Antibody Response
The Hedgehog Family of Paracrine Factors
The Role of the Mesentoblast in Gastropod Evolution
The Separation of Germ and Soma in Volvox
The Timing of Mesoderm Formation in Xenopus
Transcription Factors and the Development of the Heart
Vera, a Protein Implicated in Vg1 mRNA Transport to the Vegetal Cortex
Vertical and Horizontal Signals from the Organizer
Why Do Mammals Have But Seven Cervical Vertebrae?
Wnt Proteins
1.1 The Reception of von Baer's Principles:
Biography of K. E. von Baer
-
Jane M. Oppenheimer, Encyclopedia Britannica
1.2 Conklin's Art and Science:
The Organization and Cell-Lineage of the Ascidian Egg
- Edwin G. Conklin
1.3 Nicole Le Douarin and Chick-Quail Chimeras:
Dr. Nicole Le Douarin and chick-quail chimeras
1.4 The Mathematical Background of Pattern Formation:
Mathematical Background of Pattern Formation
1.5 How Do Zebras (and Angelfish and Mice) Get Their Stripes?:
Directionality in Animal Stripes
1.5 How Do Zebras (and Angelfish and Mice) Get Their Stripes?:
Pattern forming mechanism in ‘traveling wave’ patterned mice
1.5 How Do Zebras (and Angelfish and Mice) Get Their Stripes?:
The Development of Zebra Striping Patterns
2.1 When Does Human Life Begin?:
Images of Embryos Used by Anti-Abortion Activists
2.1 When Does Human Life Begin?:
Summary
2.2 Protist Differentiation:
Differentiation in the Amoeboflagellate Naegleria
2.2 Protist Differentiation:
Inheritance in Ciliates
2.2 Protist Differentiation:
The Development of Sex Type in Saccharomycetes yeast
2.3 Slime Mold Life Cycle:
Differentiation of Dictyostelium Cells
2.3 Slime Mold Life Cycle:
Morphogenesis in Dictyostelium
2.3 Slime Mold Life Cycle:
The Evolution of Developmental Patterns in Unicellular Protists
3.1 Establishing Experimental Embryology:
The Origins of Entwicklungsmechanik
- Jane Maienschein
3.2 Receptor Gradients:
Gradient Models of Positional Information
3.3 "Rediscovery" of the Morphogenetic Field:
The "Re-discovery" of Morphogenic Fields
3.4 Demonstrating the Thermodynamic Model:
Steinberg’s Model
3.5 Cadherins: Functional Anatomy:
The Biochemistry of Cadherins
3.6 Other Cell Adhesion Molecules:
The Biochemistry of N-CAM
4.1 The Embryological Origin of the Gene Theory:
Baltzer on Boveri
- Fritz Baltzer, 1967
4.1 The Embryological Origin of the Gene Theory:
Boveri's 1902 Paper
- Theodor Boveri
4.1 The Embryological Origin of the Gene Theory:
The Embryological Origins of the Gene Theory
- Scott F. Gilbert
4.2 Creating Developmental Genetics:
Cellular Politics
- Scott F. Gilbert
4.2 Creating Developmental Genetics:
Enzymatic Adaptation and the Entrance of Molecular Biology into Embryology
- Scott F. Gilbert
4.2 Creating Developmental Genetics:
Induction and the Origins of Developmental Genetics
- Scott F. Gilbert
4.2 Creating Developmental Genetics:
Quicktime Movie of Dr. François Jacob
4.2 Creating Developmental Genetics:
Quicktime Movie of Salome Glueksohn-Waelsch
4.3 Amphibian Cloning: Potency and Deformity:
Amphibian Cloning: Potency and Deformity
4.4 Metaplasia:
Metaplasia
4.5 Exceptions to the Rule of Genomic Equivalence:
The Exception to the Rule: Immunoglobulin Genes
4.6 DNA Isolation Techniques:
Techniques of Molecular Biology
4.7 Microarray Technology:
Bioinformatics and Microarrays
4.8 Systems Biology:
Sidelights and Speculations: Keeping Track of Gene Expression and Function: Systems Biology
5.1 Displacing Nucleosomes:
Transcription through the Nucleosomes
5.2 What Makes a DNA Sequence a "Gene"?:
What Makes a DNA Sequence a Gene?
5.3 Promoter Structure and the Mechanisms of Transcription Complex Assembly:
Promoter Structure
5.4 Families of Transcription Factors:
Transcription factors
5.5 Histone Acetylation:
Accessibility to trans-regulatory factors
5.5 Histone Acetylation:
Histone Acetylation and Chromatin Remodeling
5.6 Other Recombinase Methods:
Other Recombinase Methods for Ectopic Gene Expression
5.7 Enhancers and Cancers:
Enhancers and Cancers
5.8 Further Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation:
Further Mechanisms of Transcriptional Gene Regulation
5.9 Imprinting in Humans and Mice:
H19, Insulin-like Growth Factors, and the Regulation of Embryonic Growth
5.9 Imprinting in Humans and Mice:
The Genes Involved in Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes
5.10 Chromosome Heterochromatization, Elimination, and Diminution:
Chromatin Diminution
5.11 The Medical Importance of X Chromosome Inactivation:
The Medical Importance of X-Chromosome Inactivation and Transmission
5.12 Differential nRNA Censoring:
Complexity and Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA
5.13 An Inside-out Gene:
U22 Host Gene, an "Inside-Out" Gene
5.14 The Mechanism of Differential nRNA Splicing:
Biochemistry of spliceosomes
5.15 Mechanisms of mRNA Translation and Degradation:
Mechanisms of Eukaryotic Translation
5.16 The Discovery of Stored mRNAs:
Temporal Regulation of Development by lin-4
5.16 The Discovery of Stored mRNAs:
Early Research Documenting Stored Maternal mRNAs
5.17 Other Examples of Translational Regulation of Gene Expression:
How to end the message
5.17 Other Examples of Translational Regulation of Gene Expression:
Splicing Isoforms in the Nervous and Immune Systems
6.1 Hen's Teeth:
Hen's Teeth
6.2 FGF Binding:
FGF Binding
6.4 The Uses of Apoptosis:
Apoptosis and the Removal of Unneeded Cells
6.5 Notch Mutations:
Mutations of Notch Proteins and Their Ligands
6.6 Photoreceptor Induction: Conserved Pathways:
Photoreceptor Induction in Drosophila
6.7 Connexin Mutations:
Connexins and Clinical Syndromes
7.1 Leeuwenhoek and Images of Homunculi:
Anton von Leeuwenhoek and his perception of spermatozoa
- Adapted from an article by E. G. Ruestow, J. History of Biology 16: 185-224.
7.1 Leeuwenhoek and Images of Homunculi:
Homunculus
- Clara Pinto-Correia
7.2 The Origins of Fertilization Research:
The Reemergence of Sex
- John Farley, 1982
7.3 The Egg and Its Environment:
The Egg in the Real World
7.4 The Lillie-Loeb Dispute Over Sperm-Egg Binding:
Gametes and Spores
- John Farley, 1982
7.4 The Lillie-Loeb Dispute Over Sperm-Egg Binding:
On the Nature of the Process of Fertilization
- Jacques Loeb, 1899
7.4 The Lillie-Loeb Dispute Over Sperm-Egg Binding:
The Invention of Artificial Parthenogenesis
- Philip J. Pauly, 1987
7.4 The Lillie-Loeb Dispute Over Sperm-Egg Binding:
The Mechanism of Fertilization
- F. R. Lillie, 1913
7.5 Blocks to Polyspermy:
On Multipolar Mitosis as a Means of Analysis of the Cell Nucleus
- Theodor Boveri, 1902
7.5 Blocks to Polyspermy:
The Fertilization Reaction in Echinarachnius Parma
- E. E. Just, 1919
7.5 Blocks to Polyspermy:
Theodor Boveri: The Life of a Great Biologist 1862-1915
- Fritz Baltzer, 1967
7.6 Building the Egg's Extracellular Matrix:
Building the Egg's Extracellular Matrix
8.1 Sea Urchin Cell Specification:
Transcription Factor Activation in the Sea Urchin Embryo
8.2 Cloned Urchins:
Widespread Cloning from Echinoderm Larvae
8.3 Alfred Sturtevant and the Genetics of Snail Coiling:
Sturtevant's Guess
8.4 Modifications of Cell Fate in Spiralian Eggs:
The Role of the Mesentoblast in Gastropod Evolution
8.4 Modifications of Cell Fate in Spiralian Eggs:
Modification of Spiralian Specification
8.5 The Experimental Analysis of Tunicate Cell Specification:
The Search for the Yellow Crescent Myogenic Factor
8.6 P-granule Migration:
P-granule Migration
9.1 Drosophila Fertilization:
Fertilization in Drosophila
9.2 The Regulation of Drosophila Cleavage:
Small Subunit of MPF: The cdc2 Kinase (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase, CDK)
9.3 The Early Development of Other Insects:
Polyembryony: The Parasitic Wasps
9.3 The Early Development of Other Insects:
Short and Intermediate Germ Band Insects
9.4 Evidence for Gradients in Insect Development:
The Maternal Effect Genes
9.5 Mechanism of bicoid mRNA Localization:
Update: The Role of Maternal Effect Genes in Axis Formation
- Erin M. Denney and Claudia X. Muñoz
9.6 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and the Molecular Approach to Development:
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Drosophila Embryogenesis
9.7 Asymmetrical Spread of Morphogens:
Asymmetric Movement of Wingless Protein in the Epidermis of Drosophila
9.8 Getting a Head in the Fly:
Genes Involved in Drosophila Brain Development
- Robert Griffin, Developmental Genetics, Swarthmore College, 1998
10.1 Migration of the Mesodermal Mantle:
Migration of the involuting mesoderm
10.2 Embryology and Individuality:
Embryos and Individuality
10.3 Spemann, Mangold, and the Organizer:
A Selective History of Induction
10.3 Spemann, Mangold, and the Organizer:
A Selective History of Induction II
10.6 The Specification of the Endoderm:
The Autonomous Specification of the Endoderm
10.7 Regional Specification:
A Selective History of Early Induction Research IV
11.1 GFP Zebrafish Movies and Photographs:
Zebrafish Genetic Screens
11.2 Epiblast Cell Heterogeneity:
Cellular Heterogeneity in the Epiblast
11.3 Mechanisms of Compaction and the Formation of the Inner Cell Mass:
The Cell Surface and the Mechanism of Compaction
11.4 Human Cleavage and Compaction:
Sex Differences in Cell Divisions
11.5 Placental Functions:
The Structure of Placentas
11.6 Nonidentical Monozygotic Twins:
Non-identical Monozygotic Twins
11.7 Conjoined Twins:
A Social History of Conjoined Twins
11.7 Conjoined Twins:
Types of Conjoined Twins
12.1 Homologous Specification of the Neural Tissue:
Homologous Specification of Neural Tissue between Vertebrates and Arthropods
12.2 Specifying the Brain Boundaries:
Marking the Brain Boundaries
12.3 Constructing the Pituitary Gland:
Pituitary Development
12.4 Cerebellar Mutations of the Mouse:
Development of the Cerebellum: Insights from Mutant Mice
12.5 Constructing the Cerebral Cortex:
Three Genes and their Effects
12.6 Neuronal Growth and the Invention of Childhood:
The Birth of Childhood
12.7 Why Babies don't See Well:
Why Babies Don’t See Well
12.8 Developmental Genetics of Hair Formation:
Developmental genetics of hair formation
12.9 Normal Variation in Human Hair Production:
Formation of Mammalian Hair
12.10 Mutations of Hair Production:
The Red-Headed League: How melanocytes make red pigment
13.1 Avian Neurulation:
Avian Neurulation
13.2 The Specificity of the Extracellular Matrix:
The Specificity of the Extracellular Matrix
13.3 Mouse Neural Crest Cell Mutants:
Genotype to Phenotype: Murine Neural Crest Mutations
13.4 Tooth Formation in Mammals:
The Molecular Biology of Organizer Formation
13.4 Tooth Formation in Mammals:
Tooth Development
13.5 Communication between Migrating Neural Crest Cells:
Communication Between Migrating Cardiac Neural Crest Cells
13.6 Human Facial Development Syndromes:
Neural Crest Cell Migration and Facial Anomalies
13.7 Kallmann Syndrome:
The Kallman Syndrome: Sex, Smell, and Specific Adhesion
13.8 The Evolution of Developmental Neurobiology:
Rita Levi-Montalcini
- Adapted from Purves, D. and Lichtman, J. W. 1985. Principles of Neural Development. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
13.8 The Evolution of Developmental Neurobiology:
S. Ramón Y Cajal, R. G. Harrison, and the Beginnings of Neuroembryology
- Viktor Hamburger, 1980
13.8 The Evolution of Developmental Neurobiology:
Viktor Hamburger
- Adapted from D. Purves and J. W. Lichtman 1985. Principles of Neural Development. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
13.9 Horseradish Peroxidase Staining:
Cell Marking with Horseradish Peroxidase
- Adapted from D. Purves and J. W. Lichtman, 1985. Principles of Neural Development. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.
13.10 The Pathways of Motor Neurons:
Multiple Guidance Cues in the Motor Neurons Innervating Skeletal Muscles
13.11 Genetic Control of Neuroblast Migration in C. elegans :
Hox Genes and Nematode Development
13.12 The Early Evidence for Chemotaxis:
Earlier Evidence for Chemotaxis
13.13 The Neurotrophin Receptors:
Neurotrophin Receptors
14.1 Calling the Competence of the Somite into Question:
Tbx6 and the Specification of Somitic Mesoderm
14.2 Cranial Paraxial Mesoderm:
Cranial Paraxial Mesoderm
14.3 Myogenic bHLH Proteins and Their Regulators:
Myogenic bHLH Proteins and their Regulators
14.4 Muscle Formation:
Myotube Formation: How We Learned that Skeletal Muscle is Made by Cell Fusion
14.5 Paracrine Factors, Their Receptors, and Human Bone Growth:
Specific Functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors
15.1 Coelom Formation:
Coelom Formation
15.2 Induction of the Lung:
Lung Branching Morphogenesis
16.1 The Mathematical Modeling of Limb Development:
Specification of the Limb by Reaction-diffusion Processes
16.2 Specifying Forelimbs and Hindlimbs:
Distinguishing Forelimb from Hindlimb: The Roles of Pre-cartilage Mesenchyme Cells
16.3 Induction of the AER:
Pathway For The Induction of the AER
17.1 Social Critique of Sex Determination Research:
A Gendered Critique of Sex Determination Hypotheses
17.2 Finding the Male-Determining Genes:
Method for Identifying the Region of the Y-chromosome Containing the Testis Determining Factor in Humans
17.3 Dihydrotestosterone in Adult Men:
5α-Dihydrotestosterone in Adults
17.4 Insulin-like Hormone 3:
Insulin-like Hormone-3 and Secondary Male Sex Determination
17.5 Roles of AMH:
Functions of Anti-Müllerian Hormone
17.6 Breast Development:
Multiple Hormonal and Paracrine Interactions in the Formation of the Mammary Glands
17.7 Other Sex Determination Proteins in Drosophila :
Other Genes Active in Drosophila Sex Determination
17.8 Conservation of Sex-determining Genes:
A Conserved Gene For Sex Determination
17.9 Hermaphrodites:
Hermaphroditism
17.9 Hermaphrodites:
Human Hermaphrodites
17.9 Hermaphrodites:
Normal Hermaphroditism in Nematodes and Fish
18.1 The Molecular Biology of Wing Formation:
Intercellular Interactions Establishing the Dorsal-ventral Wing Surfaces
18.2 Homologous Specification:
Homologous Specification
18.3 Insect Metamorphosis:
Drosophila Metamorphosis
18.3 Insect Metamorphosis:
Hormonal Control of Insect Metamorphosis
18.3 Insect Metamorphosis:
Microarray Analysis Of Drosophila Metamorphosis
18.3 Insect Metamorphosis:
Remodeling The Insect Central Nervous System
18.4 Precocenes and Synthetic JH:
Environmental Control Over Larval Form and Function: Precocenes and Plant Juvenile Hormones
18.5 The Polar Coordinate and Boundary Models:
The Polar Coordinate Model of The Polar Coordinate Model of Positional Information in the Developing and Regenerating Limb
18.6 Regeneration in Annelid Worms:
Annelid Regeneration
18.7 Ethel Browne and the Organizer:
Ethel Browne Harvey (1885-1965) and the Organizer
19.1 Mechanisms of Chromosome Diminution:
Chromatin Diminution
19.2 The Insect Germ Plasm:
The Discovery of Insect Germ Plasm
19.3 Proteins Involved in Meiosis:
Proteins Involved in the Synaptonemal Complex
19.4 Human Meiosis:
Human Meiosis
19.5 Germ Line Sex Determination in C. elegans :
Translational Regulation of Germline Sex Determination in C. elegans
19.6 Gonial Syncytia: Bridges to the Future:
Spermatogonial Syncytia: Bridges to the Future
19.7 Gene Expression During Spermatogenesis:
Gene Expression During Sperm Development
19.8 The Nebenkern:
Fuzzy Onions and the Nebenkern
19.9 Synthesizing Oocyte Ribosomes:
Synthesizing Ribosomes
19.11 Hormones and Mammalian Egg Maturation:
Hormones and Mammalian Egg Maturation
19.12 The Reinitiation of Mammalian Meiosis:
The Reinitiation of Meiosis in Mammals
20.1 Plant Life Cycles:
Plant Life Cycles
21.1 Human Embryology and Genetics:
Human Embryology and Genetics
21.2 Variations on IVF:
Variations on IVF
21.3 Some Ethical Issues of IVF:
Ethical Issues and Assisted Reproductive Technology
21.4 Thalidomide as a Teratogen:
Thalidomide as a Teratogen
21.5 Mechanisms of Retinoic Acid Teratogenesis:
Mechanisms of Retinoic Acid Teratogenesis
21.6 Our Stolen Future:
Our Stolen Future and The Contest for Truth
22.1 Developmental Symbioses and Parasitism:
Developmental Symbiosis as Protection
22.1 Developmental Symbioses and Parasitism:
How Do Symbionts Get Together?
22.2 Complex Environmental Effects on Development:
Complex Environmental Effects on Development
22.4 Inducible Caste Determination in Ant Colonies:
Inducible Defense in the Ant Colony
22.5 Genetic Assimilation:
Genetic Assimilation
22.6 The Phantom Limb Phenomenon:
Cortical Reorganization and the "Phantom Limb"
22.7 Environmental Endocrine Disruptors:
The Wingspread Consensus Statement
22.8 Rachel Carson and the Ban on DDT:
Rachel Carson and the Ban On DDT
22.9 Deformed Frogs and Salamanders:
Deformed Frogs in the Northern United States
23.1 Lillie and Wilson:
Edmund Beecher Wilson and Frank R. Lillie and the relationship between evolution and development
23.2 Haeckel's Biogenetic Law:
Ernst Haeckel and the Biogenetic Law
23.2 Haeckel's Biogenetic Law:
Haeckel and the Vertebrate Archetype
23.3 The Emergence of Embryos:
The Emergence of Embryos
23.4 How Taxonomic Groups Are Classified:
Phylogenetic Systematics and Development
23.5 Modularity as a Principle of Evolution:
Modules: Key Pieces in the Integration of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology
23.6 Correlated Progression:
Developmental Correlation
23.7 Correlated Progression in Domestic Animals:
Evolution and Domestication: Selection on Developmental Genes?
23.8 Why Are There No New Animal Phyla?:
Why So Few Phyla?
23.9 Changing Embryonic Traits through Natural Selection:
Natural Selection and Development
23.10 Alternative Mechanisms for Evolutionary Developmental Biology:
alt.evodevo: Reticulate Evolution and Sequential Chimeras
23.11 Population Genetics versus Developmental Biology:
Getting beyond the population genetics/developmental biology split: A New Evolutionary Synthesis
23.12 "Scientific Creationism" and "Intelligent Design":
Evolution and "Scientific Creationism"
23.12 "Scientific Creationism" and "Intelligent Design":
Evolutionary Parable 1: York Minster's Dilemma
23.12 "Scientific Creationism" and "Intelligent Design":
Evolutionary Parable 2: The Light that Failed
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